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1 seqlua: Extension for handling sequential data in Lua
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2 =====================================================
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3
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4 This package is an experimental extension for the Lua 5.2 programming language
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5 which:
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6
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7 * allows ``ipairs(seq)`` to accept either tables or functions (i.e function
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8 iterators) as an argument,
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9 * adds a new function ``string.concat(separator, seq)`` that concats either
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10 table entries or function return values,
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11 * provides auxiliary C functions and macros to simplify iterating over both
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12 tables and iterator functions with a generic statement.
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13
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14 Existing ``__ipairs`` or ``__index`` (but not ``__len``) metamethods are
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15 respected by both the Lua functions and the C functions and macros. The
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16 ``__ipairs`` metamethod takes precedence over ``__index``, while the
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17 ``__len`` metamethod is never used.
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18
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19 Metamethod handling in detail is explained in the last section
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20 ("Respected metamethods") at the bottom of this README.
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21
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22 In Lua, this extension is loaded by ``require "seqlua"``. In order to use the
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23 auxiliary C functions and macros, add ``#include <seqlualib.h>`` to your C file
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24 and ensure that the functions implemented in ``seqlualib.c`` are statically or
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25 dynamically linked with your C Lua library.
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26
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27
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28
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29 Motivation
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30 ----------
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31
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32 Sequential data (such as arrays or streams) is often represented in two
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33 different ways:
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34
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35 * as an ordered set of values (usually implemented as an array in other
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36 programming languages, or as a sequence in Lua: a table with numeric keys
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37 {1..n} associated with a value each),
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38 * as some sort of data stream (sometimes implemented as a class of objects
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39 providing certain methods, or as an iterator function in Lua: a function that
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40 returns the next value with every call, where nil indicates the end of the
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41 stream).
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42
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43 Quite often, when functions work on sequential data, it shouldn't matter in
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44 which form the sequential data is being provided to the function. As an
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45 example, consider a function that is writing a sequence of strings to a file.
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46 Such function could either be fed with an array of strings (a table with
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47 numeric keys in Lua) or with a (possibly infinite) stream of data (an iterator
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48 function in Lua).
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49
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50 A function in Lua that accepts a table, might look like as follows:
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51
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52 function write_lines(lines)
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53 for i, line in ipairs(lines) do
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54 io.stdout:write(line)
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55 io.stdout:write("\n")
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56 end
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57 end
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58
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59 In contrast, a function in Lua that accepts an iterator function would have to
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60 be implemented differently:
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61
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62 function write_lines(get_next_line)
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63 for line in get_next_line do
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64 io.stdout:write(line)
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65 io.stdout:write("\n")
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66 end
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67 end
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68
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69 If one wanted to create a function that accepts either a sequence in form of a
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70 table or an iterator function, then one might need to write:
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71
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72 do
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73 local function write_line(line)
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74 io.stdout:write(line)
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75 io.stdout:write("\n")
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76 end
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77 function write_lines(lines)
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78 if type(lines) == "function" then
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79 for line in lines do
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80 write_line(line)
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81 end
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82 else
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83 for i, line in ipairs(lines) do
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84 write_line(line)
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85 end
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86 end
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87 end
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88 end
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89
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90 Obviously, this isn't something we want to do in every function that accepts
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91 sequential data. Therefore, we usually decide for one of the two first forms
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92 and thus disallow the other possible representation of sequential data to be
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93 passed to the function.
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94
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95 This extension, however, modifies Lua's ``ipairs`` statement in such way that
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96 it automatically accepts either a table or an iterator function as argument.
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97 Thus, the first of the three ``write_lines`` functions above will accept both
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98 (table) sequences and (function) iterators.
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99
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100 In addition to the modification of ``ipairs``, it also provides C functions and
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101 macros to iterate over values in the same manner as a generic loop statement
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102 with ``ipairs`` would do.
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103
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104 Note that in case of repeated or nested loops, using function iterators may not
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105 be feasible:
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106
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107 function print_list_twice(seq)
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108 for i = 1, 2 do
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109 for i, v in ipairs(seq) do
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110 print(v)
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111 end
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112 end
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113 end
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114 print_list_twice(io.stdin:lines()) -- won't work as expected
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115
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116 Also note that this extension doesn't aim to supersede Lua's concept of
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117 iterator functions. While metamethods (see section "Respected metamethods"
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118 below) may be used to customize iteration behavior on values, this extension
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119 isn't thought to replace the common practice to use function closures as
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120 iterators. Consider the following example:
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121
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122 local result = sql_query("SELECT * FROM actor ORDER BY birthdate")
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123 write_lines(result:get_column_entries("name"))
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124
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125 The ``get_column_entries`` method can return a simple function closure that
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126 returns the next entry in the "name" column (returning ``nil`` to indicate the
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127 end). Such a closure can then be passed to another function that iterates
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128 through a sequence of values by invoking ``ipairs`` with the general for-loop
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129 (as previously shown).
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130
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131 Where desired, it is also possible to use metamethods to customize iteration
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132 behavior:
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133
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134 function print_rows(rows)
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135 for i, row in ipairs(rows) do
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136 print_row(row)
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137 end
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138 end
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139 local result = sql_query("SELECT * FROM actor ORDER BY birthday")
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140 assert(type(result) == "userdata")
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141
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142 -- we may rely on the ``__index`` or ``__ipairs`` metamethod to
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143 -- iterate through all result rows here:
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144 print_rows(result) -- no need to use ":rows()" or a similar syntax
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145
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146 -- but we can also still pass an individual set of result rows to the
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147 -- print_rows function:
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148 print_rows{result[1], result[#result]}
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149
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150 This extension, however, doesn't respect the ``__len`` metamethod due to the
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151 following considerations:
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152
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153 * An efficient implementation where ``for i, v in ipairs(tbl) do ... end`` does
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154 neither create a closure nor repeatedly evaluate ``#tbl`` seems to be
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155 impossible.
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156 * Respecting ``__len`` could be used to implement sparse arrays, but this would
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157 require iterating functions to expect ``nil`` as a potential value. This may
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158 lead to problems because ``nil`` is usually also used to indicate the absence
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159 of a value.
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160
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161 Though, if such behavior is desired, it can still be implemented through the
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162 ``__ipairs`` metamethod.
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163
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164 Unless manually done by the user in the ``__ipairs`` metamethod, the ``ipairs``
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165 function as well as the corresponding C functions and macros provided by this
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166 extension never create any closures or other values that need to be garbage
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167 collected.
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168
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169
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170
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171 Lua part of the library
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172 -----------------------
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173
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174 The modified ``ipairs(seq)`` and the new ``string.concat(sep, seq)`` functions
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175 accept either a table or a function as ``seq``. This is demonstrated in the
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176 following examples:
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177
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178 require "seqlua"
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179
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180 t = {"a", "b", "c"}
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181
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182 for i, v in ipairs(t) do
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183 print(i, v)
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184 end
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185 -- prints:
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186 -- 1 a
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187 -- 2 b
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188 -- 3 c
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189
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190 print(string.concat(",", t))
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191 -- prints: a,b,c
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192
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193 function alphabet()
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194 local letter = nil
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195 return function()
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196 if letter == nil then
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197 letter = "a"
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198 elseif letter == "z" then
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199 return nil
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200 else
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201 letter = string.char(string.byte(letter) + 1)
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202 end
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203 return letter
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204 end
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205 end
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206
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207 for i, v in ipairs(alphabet()) do
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208 print(i, v)
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209 end
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210 -- prints:
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211 -- 1 a
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212 -- 2 b
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213 -- 3 c
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214 -- ...
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215 -- 25 y
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216 -- 26 z
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217
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218 print(string.concat(",", alphabet()))
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219 -- prints: a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z
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220
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221 function filter(f)
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222 return function(seq)
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223 return coroutine.wrap(function()
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224 for i, v in ipairs(seq) do f(v) end
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225 end)
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226 end
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227 end
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228
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229 alpha_beta_x = filter(function(v)
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230 if v == "a" then
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231 coroutine.yield("alpha")
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232 elseif v == "b" then
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233 coroutine.yield("beta")
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234 elseif type(v) == "number" then
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235 for i = 1, v do
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236 coroutine.yield("X")
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237 end
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238 end
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239 end)
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240
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241 print((","):concat(alpha_beta_x{"a", 3, "b", "c", "d"}))
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242 -- prints: alpha,X,X,X,beta
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243
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244 print((","):concat(alpha_beta_x(alphabet())))
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245 -- prints: alpha,beta
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246
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247
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248
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249 C part of the library
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250 ---------------------
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251
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252 In ``seqlualib.h``, the following macro is defined:
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253
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254 #define seqlua_iterloop(L, iter, idx) \
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255 for ( \
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256 seqlua_iterinit((L), (iter), (idx)); \
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257 seqlua_iternext(iter); \
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258 )
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259
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260 and
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261
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262 #define seqlua_iterloopauto(L, iter, idx) \
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263 for ( \
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264 seqlua_iterinit((L), (iter), (idx)); \
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265 seqlua_iternext(iter); \
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266 lua_pop((L), 1) \
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267 )
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268
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269 This macro allows iteration over either tables or iterator functions as the
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270 following example function demonstrates:
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271
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272 int printcsv(lua_State *L) {
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273 seqlua_Iterator iter;
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274 seqlua_iterloop(L, &iter, 1) {
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275 if (seqlua_itercount(&iter) > 1) fputs(",", stdout);
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276 fputs(luaL_tolstring(L, -1, NULL), stdout);
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277 // two values need to be popped (the value pushed by
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278 // seqlua_iternext and the value pushed by luaL_tolstring)
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279 lua_pop(L, 2);
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280 }
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281 fputs("\n", stdout);
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282 return 0;
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283 }
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284
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285 printcsv{"a", "b", "c"}
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286 -- prints: a,b,c
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287
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288 printcsv(assert(io.open("testfile")):lines())
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289 -- prints: line1,line2,... of "testfile"
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290
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291 NOTE: During iteration using ``seqlua_iterloop``, ``seqlua_iterloopauto``, or
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292 ``seqlua_iterinit``, three extra elements are stored on the stack (additionally
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293 to the value). These extra elements are removed automatically when the loop ends
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294 (i.e. when ``seqlua_iternext`` returns zero). The value pushed onto the stack
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295 for every iteration step has to be removed manually from the stack, unless
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296 ``seqlua_iterloopauto`` is used.
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297
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298
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299
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300 Respected metamethods
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301 ---------------------
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302
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303 Regarding the behavior of the Lua functions and the C functions and macros
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304 provided by this extension, an existing ``__index`` metamethod will be
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305 respected automatically. An existing ``__ipairs`` metamethod, however, takes
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306 precedence.
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307
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308 If the ``__ipairs`` field of a value's metatable is set, then it must always
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309 refer to a function. When starting iteration over a value with such a
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310 metamethod being set, then this function is called with ``self`` (i.e. the
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311 value itself) passed as first argument. The return values of the ``__ipairs``
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312 metamethod may take one of the following 4 forms:
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313
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314 * ``return function_or_callable, static_argument, startindex`` causes the three
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315 arguments to be returned by ``ipairs`` without further modification. Using
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316 the C macros and functions for iteration, the behavior is according to the
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317 generic loop statement in Lua:
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318 ``for i, v in function_or_callable, static_argument, startindex do ... end``
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319 * ``return "raw", table`` will result in iteration over the table ``table``
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320 using ``lua_rawgeti``
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321 * ``return "index", table_or_userdata`` will result in iteration over the table
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322 or userdata while respecting any ``__index`` metamethod of the table or
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323 userdata value
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324 * ``return "call", function_or_callable`` will use the callable value as
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325 (function) iterator where the function is expected to return a single value
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326 without any index (the index is inserted automatically when using the
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327 ``ipairs`` function for iteration)
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328
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329 These possiblities are demonstrated by the following example code:
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330
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331 require "seqlua"
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332
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333 do
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334 local function ipairsaux(t, i)
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335 i = i + 1
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336 if i <= 3 then
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337 return i, t[i]
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338 end
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339 end
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340 custom = setmetatable(
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341 {"one", "two", "three", "four", "five"},
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342 {
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343 __ipairs = function(self)
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344 return ipairsaux, self, 0
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345 end
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346 }
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347 )
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348 end
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349 print(string.concat(",", custom))
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350 -- prints: one,two,three
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351 -- (note that "four" and "five" are not printed)
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352
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353 tbl = {"alpha", "beta"}
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354
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355 proxy1 = setmetatable({}, {__index = tbl})
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356 for i, v in ipairs(proxy1) do print(i, v) end
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357 -- prints:
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358 -- 1 alpha
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359 -- 2 beta
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360
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361 proxy2 = setmetatable({}, {
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362 __ipairs = function(self)
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363 return "index", proxy1
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364 end
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365 })
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366 for i, v in ipairs(proxy2) do print(i, v) end
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367 -- prints:
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368 -- 1 alpha
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369 -- 2 beta
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370 print(proxy2[1])
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371 -- prints: nil
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372
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373 cursor = setmetatable({
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374 "alice", "bob", "charlie", pos=1
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375 }, {
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376 __call = function(self)
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377 local value = self[self.pos]
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378 if value == nil then
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379 self.pos = 1
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380 else
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381 self.pos = self.pos + 1
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382 end
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383 return value
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384 end,
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385 __ipairs = function(self)
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386 return "call", self
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387 end
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388 })
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389 for i, v in ipairs(cursor) do print(i, v) end
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390 -- prints:
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391 -- 1 alice
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392 -- 2 bob
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393 -- 3 charlie
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394 print(cursor())
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395 -- prints: alice
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396 for i, v in ipairs(cursor) do print(i, v) end
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397 -- prints:
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398 -- 1 bob
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399 -- 2 charlie
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400 -- (note that "alice" has been returned earlier)
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401
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402 coefficients = setmetatable({1.25, 3.14, 17.5}, {
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403 __index = function(self) return 1 end,
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404 __ipairs = function(self) return "raw", self end
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405 })
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406 for i, v in ipairs(coefficients) do print(i, v) end
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407 -- prints:
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408 -- 1 1.25
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409 -- 2 3.14
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410 -- 3 17.5
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411 -- (note that iteration terminates even if coefficients[4] == 1)
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412 print(coefficients[4])
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413 -- prints: 1
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414
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415
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